Research: TPACK
The TPACK framework
The Technological Pedagogical Content Knowledge (TPACK) framework, is one of the most influential frameworks for technology integration in teaching, first introduced in Mishra and Koehler (2006). The framework seeks to capture some of the essential qualities of knowledge required by teachers for the intelligent integration of in their teaching.
Key articles
I would like to highlight a few articles about the TPACK framework that I have been part of.
- Mishra & Koehler, 2006: The article that first introduced the framework
- Koehler & Mishra, 2008: The introductory chapter we wrote for the first TPACK handbook
- Herring, Koehler, & Mishra, 2016: The introductory chapter to the 2nd TPACK handbook.
There are of course many others – which can be found by using the search function on the top, or by browsing the blog posts related to TPACK at the bottom of this page.
The TPACK story
A few years ago I was asked to speak at the fall Doctoral Research Forum for the Mary Lou Fulton Teachers College. I decided to speak about the role of theory in research since, in my experience, this is something that many graduate students find challenging. I contextualized the discussion within the history of the work that Matt Koehler and I did in developing the TPACK framework. You can see the video of the talk Why Theory: Or the TPACK story to learn more of the origin of the idea. (Incidentally, Matt has his own version of the origin story that you can find at Blurred visions: Another history of TPACK.
TPACK, ChatGPT & GenAI
The rise of Generative AI (and tools such as ChatGPT) and their potential impact on education have been discussed and debated ad-nauseam. The key question, is what it is that teachers need to know to intelligently integrate these technologies in their practice. This paper brings together some early work on people’s psychological responses to media, my work on the TPACK framework, and our evolving understanding of these new technologies. Citation given below.
Mishra, P, Warr, M, & Islam, R. (2023). TPACK in the age of ChatGPT and Generative AI. Journal of Digital Learning in Teacher Education, DOI: 10.1080/21532974.2023.2247480
Fun with TPACK
It doesn’t have to all work and no play. Below are some fun TPACK related resources that I have either created or archived.
Spread of the idea
The TPACK framework has influenced research and practice across the world. One of the measures of its impact is the extent of scholarship and research that has emerged from it.
Data from Judi Harris (tpack.pages.wm.edu)
Learn more about
There are a wide range of resources about TPACK on the web. On this website you can find
- The TPACK Newsletter: Curated by Judi Harris and archived here
- TPACK videos based on presentations that I have made over the years.
Other important resources are the TPACK.org website (maintained by Matt Koehler) and the wikipedia TPACK page (maintained by members of the TPACK-Special Interest Group at SITE).
Blog posts related to TPACK
AI, Education, & the Unregulated Global Experiment: Keynote at Education International’s First Global AI Conference
I recently had the privilege of speaking at Education International's inaugural Global Conference on Artificial Intelligence: Shaping our Future: Education Unions Leading for a Human-Centred AI, held in Brussels on December 4–5, 2025. More than 200 union leaders,...
The Freedom to Design: Repurposing Technology for Creative Teaching
I recently had the pleasure of joining Dr. Cyndi Burnett and Dr. Matthew Worwood on the Fueling Creativity in Education podcast for a wide-ranging conversation about teachers, technology, and creative agency. We explored a question I've been thinking about for years:...
TPACK Handbook 3rd Edition (Plus: Covers that didn’t make it)
Twenty years. That's how long it's been since Matt Koehler and I published the 2006 article that gave the TPACK framework its name. The core ideas have aged reasonably well, even as the technologies around us have shape-shifted in ways we never anticipated. What we...
Making Thinking Visible: Some Examples of No-Code (Vibe) Coding
I was thrilled recently when my friend Josh Brake mentioned me in his Substack post about "The Forward Deployed Educator." He referenced the Unit Circle Demo I had created and wrote about how educators can now use AI tools to build custom learning experiences for...
Beyond Classroom Walls: The New Psycho-Social Ecology of GenAI
In our new paper published in AI-Enhanced Learning, my colleagues Nicole Oster, Lindsey McCaleb, and I argue that while educators debate classroom integration strategies, the most profound transformation is happening outside traditional learning environments. We...
Three Years of Gen AI: Back to School Edition of AIR|GPT
It's been 1000 days since ChatGPT launched. Not that anybody was clamoring for a hallucinating ChatBot but here we are. A friend once told me about a Gujarati business principle: give any new venture 1000 days, roughly three years, before deciding whether to continue...
On Becoming: Insights from the Modem Futura Podcast
I recently had the pleasure of returning to the Modem Futura podcast for a second conversation with hosts Andrew Maynard and Sean Leahy, and guess what, it was even more fun than the first time around. What started as a discussion about the latest AI developments in...
Against Simplification: On the value of small rebellions
Scott Carlson's recent article (On the Dangers of 'Simplification') in The Chronicle of Higher Education explores James C. Scott's influential book Seeing Like a State. Reading it, something clicked into place—a recognition of why I've spent decades swimming against...
F*** Nuance: A reflection on TPACK and theorizing
It is rare that one comes across an original journal article title that one HAS to click on and read. For instance, my favorite title of all time has been Alison Gopnik's article titled "Explanation as Orgasm." Not only is this a catchy title, it also make a profound...
The Rorschach Test of AI Research: New Episode of AIR | GPT
Two recent studies about AI and education have been receiving enormous attention—MIT's "Your Brain on ChatGPT" and the World Bank's "Chalkboards to Chatbots." Initially, I wanted to write a detailed post dissecting both studies, but I held back for two reasons: first,...
Making Waves (& Flocking Birds): Creating Science Simulations with AI
I've been experimenting with AI-assisted coding for a while now—in fact my first attempt was back in early 2023. Since then I have engaged in multiple explorations using AI to transform concepts and intuitions directly into functional code. This approach bypasses...
The Stranger Who Changed My Life: A tribute to Bill Atkinson
Bill Atkinson was someone I had never met. But he changed my life. I learned of Bill's passing a couple of days ago. It was not that I had thought about Bill a lot but the news of his death brought back memories and a recognition of the critical role he had played in...
Guardrails, Guidelines, & Good Intentions + Teaching Creativity in the age of GenAI
I continue to co-host AIR | GPT, a podcast that brings together Caroline Fell Kurban, Liz Kolb, Ruben Puentedura, Helen Crompton, and myself for monthly conversations about AI and education. Our discussions are orchestrated by Emmy Award-winning executive producer...
Modem Futura Podcast: AI, Education, and the Human Heart of Learning
I recently had the pleasure of joining Sean Leahy and Andrew Maynard on their podcast Modem Futura for what turned into a wonderfully sprawling conversation about AI and education—one that went far beyond the typical “robots in classrooms” narrative that dominates so...
From email to Istanbul: A 17-Year Journey
Back in December 2008, I received an email from a graduate student at Yeditepe University in Turkey requesting me to serve on their dissertation committee. I did not respond to it right away—despite my attempt to respond to every email I get. Not sure why, maybe it...