The 5 spaces for design in education

Everything in education is designed (one can argue whether this is intentional or not or whether the outcomes are the ones we want/like) but the broader point is that there is nothing “natural” about the systems of education we have around us. They are constructed by us, by humans. Whether the idea of the curriculum or seat-time, learning metrics or the idea of problem-based learning, or the idea of school, these are all human creations, structures adapted for some purpose (to quote Perkins and his definition of design).

That said, there is something fundamentally different about designing a textbook v.s. a chair; or designing a school v.s. designing an instructional plan. The differences have as much to do with the scale and the complexity of the tasks as it has to do with human psychology i.e. people’s desires and needs. That is not all. Everything we do in education works within broader organizational, policy and information structures that constrain and guide what we can do, and the complex feedback loops that can emerge from the inherent complexity (wickedness) of the enterprise.

What this means is that designers have to function differently depending on the “space” they are working within.

In our recent work, Melissa Warr and I, have been developing a framework that we are calling the Five Spaces for Design in Education. In brief, we argue that it may be productive to think of five spaces for the design in education: artifacts, processes, experiences, systems and culture. Moreover, working within these spaces requires different tools, elements, practices, knowledge and judgement that we as designers need to bring to the task.

Here is a list of articles relevant to this line of work (updated as of Feb, 2023):

Designing Theory

Theories play a critical role in the development of a discipline. Theories allow us to understand, explain and predict phenomena in the world. That said it is often difficult to say just where theories come from. The standard model—that data lead to laws, that in turn lead to theories—has been undermined by philosophers of science for a while now. They argue, and I would suggest rightly, that theories are often under-determined by data, i.e. there is never enough data that will, inevitably, lead us to a particular theory. This situation is particularly problematic given the important role theories play in scholarly lives. 

In Warr, Scragg & Mishra (2020) we argue that it may be productive to see the development of theory as being akin to a process of design —that of creating an artifact (albeit a conceptual one) that has “a structure adapted to a purpose” and demonstrates “goodness of fit. We argue that, viewing theory development as an act of design might lead to a stronger theoretical and practical scholarship and can help us address some key challenges in the field. 

Teachers as Designers

What does it mean for a teacher to be described as a designer, or for the act of teaching to be considered an act of design?

The paper cited below is a synthesis of 10 years of educational research into the idea that it is productive to see educators as designers—as designers of curriculum, designers of learning experiences. We analyzed citation patterns of key journal articles to (a) identify emergent clusters or strands of work; and (b) the manner in which the roles teachers play as designers varies across time.

Warr, M., Mishra, P. (2021). Integrating the discourse on teachers and design: An analysis of 10 years of scholarship. Teaching and Teacher Education. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tate.2020.103274

Abstract: This article presents a content and network analysis of a decade (2007 – 2017) of highly-cited literature on teachers and design. Constructs and definitions were compared in an interpretive content analysis, resulting in 10 strands, each a cluster of literature that frames teaching and design in a particular way. A citation network analysis provided insight into how the strands are conceptually related. Further analysis highlighted how each strand described what, when, and how teachers design, and the value of considering teachers as designers. The results suggest that teaching not only includes design activities, but could be considered a design profession. This perspective has implications for teacher education, specifically the development of professional knowledge.

More here.

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