Research: Aesthetics & learning
Why Aesthetics?

A child’s first experience, of peeking through a telescope to see the vivid sharply etched, yet fragile, rings of Saturn is a powerful one; perhaps as powerful as standing amidst redwood trees listening to the sound of wind rustling through the leaves or experiencing a moment of clarity when an elegant geometrical proof, surprising in its simplicity, emerges from a chaos of sketches and doodles. It is in this sense of awe and wonder that our minds nibble at confronting powerful ideas such as infinity (whether the infinity of numbers, or the interminably large scale of the cosmos, or the immeasurably small universe of cells and atoms and quarks). The emotional turbulence that overwhelms us when we reflect on nature, truly understand a scientific idea, or solve a tricky mathematical or engineering problem often leads to powerful aesthetic experiences. These experiences, we argue, are no different or less than the aesthetic experience we have in engaging with powerful artistic human creations, be it music or the visual arts.
That said, the role of the aesthetic has often been ignored in the discussion on learning. And I truly believe that is a huge mistake on our part.
On designing aesthetic educational
experiences in science

I was invited to give a presentation on this topic at conference titled Beauty at Work: An International Symposium at the Catholic University of America, in Washington DC (May 2023). I was part of a session on Aesthetic Properties and Scientific Information, along with Myron Penner (a philosopher of science from Trinity Western University); Amanda Nichols (professor of chemistry from Oklahoma Christian University); Milena Ivanova (from Fitzwilliam College, Cambridge); and Rebecca Kamen (artist in residence at the University of Pennsylvania). More details about the conference and a video of my talk (On designing aesthetic educational experiences in science) can be found here.
Aesthetics & coding

Does beauty have a role to play in learning to code? Can code aspire to beauty and elegance? In this article (Good, Keenan, & Mishra, 2016, titled Education:=Coding + Aesthetics), we argue that it does and it should.
Mathematical poetry

What does mathematics have to do with poetry? Not much, at one level, but a lot at another. Though their goals may be different, both mathematicians and poets play with structure and form, seek elegance and parsimony in their work. And in their own way they strive for truth and beauty—defined within the rules and structures of their discipline. I have loved both mathematics and poetry – with little or no success in each. But over the years I have played little games with both and some of these explorations are presented here.
Why aesthetics is essential (for science education)

Beauty at Work is a podcast that “explores how beauty shapes our lives and the work that we do” hosted by Brandon Vaidyanathan, Associate Professor of Sociology at The Catholic University of America. In its first season the focus is on beauty in science. As part of this series, Brandon has spoken with physicists, philosophers, psychiatrists, neuroscientists, entrepreneurs, psychologists and more. I was lucky to be a guest on this podcast, in an episode titled: Why Aesthetics is Essential for Science Education.
Why Teachers should care about beauty
In the article for the journal iWonder (Why teachers should care about beauty in science) – we explored the role of beauty in science education. In this piece, targeted at science educators, we use research in science education to highlight the importance of teachers consciously making connections to aesthetic aspects of science. Caring about beauty in science can inspire a sense of wonder and curiosity.
Aesthetics and STEM education

Developing a Rhetoric of Aesthetics: The (Often) Forgotten Link Between Art and STEM is an article that digs into these ideas in depth. In essence, this article is an extended argument that builds on several lines of work including philosophy, psychology, history and biography, in order to promote a model of learning based on aesthetic ways of knowing, thinking, and exploring the world. This emphasizes key impulses that make us human. We provide a generative three-fold fractal framework that seeks to capture the entire cycle of engaging in STEM practices: from curiosity to the process of seeking answers, to a sense of completion that in turn leads to new curiosities to explore. We suggest that this leads to a powerful virtuous cycle that seeks to maintain the same sequence at different levels of learning—from the beginner to the professional scientist, mathematician, or engineer.
Of Art & algorithms
In a couple of articles (most importantly Mishra & Yadav, 2013 and Evans, Henriksen, & Mishra, 2019) we argue that the partnership of deep human content knowledge with new technological advances can lead to deeper and more profound creative insights. We explore how computational thinking, combined with deep knowledge of a discipline, can lead to creative solutions that could not have been possible before. Thus the creative output is not determined by only the individual or the technology, but rather through a “partnership” between the two.
Blog posts related to aesthetics, beauty and learning
How do people think AI works? (Some surprising findings)
Those of us who work in and around artificial intelligence often exist in something of a bubble. We talk about vibe coding and hallucination rates as if these concepts are common knowledge. I have often wondered about how much the broader public understands about how...
An AI Premortem: A New Direction for Students in an AI World
When social media first entered our world, educators—myself included—focused narrowly on strategies for incorporating these tools into classroom contexts. We were so busy figuring out the "how" of implementation that we paid far less attention to the "what if" of...
The Curiosity Paradox: How Sycophantic GenAI May Undermine Learning
Over the years, our column series in TechTrends has explored the intersections of creativity, education, and emerging technologies. Over the past year, we've examined GenAI's impact through interviews with leading thinkers, practitioner studies, and conceptual pieces...
The Nostalgia Machine: Why Ed Tech Research Keeps Missing the Point
A colleague recently shared a new study with me that, on the surface, seemed to confirm what many people suspect: that AI is making us dumber. The research, (Experimental Evidence of the Effects of Large Language Models versus Web Search on Depth of Learning) by Shiri...
Remembering John Langdon
John Langdon (website | wikipedia) passed away a few days ago, on January 1, 2026. He was one of the pioneers of ambigrams: words designed to be read from multiple orientations, most commonly upside down. We never met. There were opportunities but somehow it never...
The Parrot’s Tale, Updated
I'm in Bangalore this week for Quest Alliance's Quest to Learn 2025 conference. Looking back through my blog, I found that my first encounter with Quest was in 2008, and again in 2018. In that 2008 post, I had written about a talk by Geetha Narayanan where she read...
The Plays I Never Saw: A Tribute to Tom Stoppard
Tom Stoppard, the renowned playwright, has died. The funny thing is that I never saw any of his plays performed. And yet he played a critical role in making me who I am. The fact that I knew this playwright by reading his plays, rather than seeing them on stage, may...
Beyond AI Slop: Pride, Joy & Creativity in a World Created by AI
Is generative AI killing creativity or helping us find new ways to be creative? In our latest AIR|GPT episode, we take on Charlie Warzel's article: A tool that crushes creativity. He argues that generative AI is destroying creative work and polluting the digital world...
The Freedom to Design: Repurposing Technology for Creative Teaching
I recently had the pleasure of joining Dr. Cyndi Burnett and Dr. Matthew Worwood on the Fueling Creativity in Education podcast for a wide-ranging conversation about teachers, technology, and creative agency. We explored a question I've been thinking about for years:...
TPACK Handbook 3rd Edition (Plus: Covers that didn’t make it)
Twenty years. That's how long it's been since Matt Koehler and I published the 2006 article that gave the TPACK framework its name. The core ideas have aged reasonably well, even as the technologies around us have shape-shifted in ways we never anticipated. What we...
Jim D. Schools Punya on AI Research Tools
I'll be honest—I've been working with AI for a while now, but when it comes to the new tools for conducting literature reviews, I was behind the curve. I don't even use Zotero! So when my PhD students started asking about these AI-powered search tools, I realized I...
GenAI & Trans-disciplinary Creativity: New Book Chapter
What does the advent of AI mean for human creativity? That is the focus of a new book, Generative Artificial Intelligence and Creativity: Precautions, Perspectives, and Possibilities, edited by Matthew J. Worwood and James C. Kaufman. And as it happens, Danah...
Making Thinking Visible: Some Examples of No-Code (Vibe) Coding
I was thrilled recently when my friend Josh Brake mentioned me in his Substack post about "The Forward Deployed Educator." He referenced the Unit Circle Demo I had created and wrote about how educators can now use AI tools to build custom learning experiences for...
Beyond Learning Styles II: Your Students’ Minds ? Work Nothing Like Yours (and They Don’t Know it Either)
A couple of weeks ago, I wrote a post about cognitive diversity (and learning styles), essentially arguing that in the process of debunking the learning styles myth we may have lost sight of a bigger issue, that of cognitive diversity. That post, and the ideas...
Blaming the Parents, Not the Platforms: How a World Bank Screen-Time Report Lets the Attention Economy Off the Hook
Note: This is a cross post with the Civics of Technology blog. The World Bank recently released a report titled Balancing the Digital Scales: Screen Time Management in Early Childhood Education (Molina, 2025). The report lays out how excessive screen exposure in young...
